WTO - Trade Dispute Case Studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WTO - Trade Dispute Studies - Case Study Example year 2010, Japan filed a complaint to World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding Canada’s tight measures concerning domestic content requirement in the feed in tariff program. Japan claimed that this tariff seemed to be laws and regulation that were affecting internal sales. They also claimed that the tariff was inconsistent with Article III: 4 and III: 5 of the GATT 1994. It claimed that this measures were meant for internal qualitative assessments. Japan finally alleged that this measures were like subsidy and that it could lead to price support or financial contribution or a form of income (WTO, 2014). During the resolution by WTO, USA and European Union requested to be enjoined in the case and on 1 June, 2011 Japan requested establishment of a panel. The panel after various meetings upheld Japan’s complaint under article 2.1 of WTO. Then later they found out that Canada had not implemented one of the international trade agreement (WTO,

Geology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Geology - Essay Example Because of these concerns, the prominent changes, at least many of it, occur so in the arctic region. The basis for this is strong positive feedback associated with occurs with ice and snow melt. As a fact, ice and snow are highly reflective and white, for this reason, when the ground or ocean beneath is revealed more absorption occurs. This leads to further warmingfurther melting etc Clearly the level of warming currently occurring in the arctic is having an enormous impact on the region and the magnitude of further warming is set to be disastrous for the region. Thus, the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) states: "The reduction in sea ice is very likely to have devastating consequences for polar bears, ice-dependant seals, and local people for whom these animals are the primary source of food." The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is the world's largest species of bear and the largest land predator. There is a great difference in size between male and female polar bears, with the males (350-800 kg) weighing more than twice as much as the females (150-300 kg). Their body weight varies considerably during the season - especially female bears which can often double in weight between early spring and late summer. Compared to other bear species, the polar bear has a relatively small, long and narrow head, smaller and shorter fur-covered ears, and shorter, more powerful claws. Its longer predatory teeth and sharper molars have helped polar bears adapt to the arctic climate and its almost exclusively carnivorous lifestyle. The polar bear is the youngest species of bear and is closely related to the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis). In the wild, polar bears normally live to be 20-30 years old. Both males and females mature at the age of four to five years. Females often give birth to their first litter of cubs when they reach maturity, while males do not usually start mating until they are between eight to ten years old. Mating takes place in April-May, but delayed implantation (the fertilised egg stops developing at an early stage) means that foetal development does not commence until September-October. During late autumn, females go into hibernation and remain there for approximately four months. At about the beginning of January, between one and three cubs are born (depending on the mother's age and condition). The newborn cubs are extremely small, weighing only about half a kilo, but they grow rapidly due to the high fat content of their mother's milk. The cubs stay with the mother until they are two-and-a-half years old. The cub infant mortality rate is high and can exceed 70%. Only about a third of cubs r each the age of two. The polar bear is a circumpolar species and is found in arctic regions where there is access to sea ice throughout much of the year. Polar bear populations are found in Canada, Alaska (USA), Greenland, the Russian Arctic, the Norwegian Arctic and on the ice surrounding the North Pole. The global population of polar bears consists of roughly 20,000-25,000 individuals spread between 19 sub-populations. However, polar bears wander across enormous distances, so there are no major genetic differences between these populations. The distribution of polar bears in their habitat is far from even and is highly dependent on the availability of their prey. In the central areas of the polar icecap there is only very limited access to prey, and the density of polar bear

business plan on a creative international school

business plan on a creative international school In Bangladesh, Providing education to children and teenagers through English medium school is a service oriented business that has been practiced so far by private and non-government organizations. This feasibility study deals with the possibilities and requirements of setting up an English medium school in Dhaka city (Dhanmondi area). In todays world like Food, Cloth and Shelter, Education has become one of the basic needs, on the other hand providing education in a systematic and accurate manner still remain a great challenge. In Dhaka along with the government schools there are so many private schools, especially private English medium schools that are providing education to the children and teenagers. Signboards, banner, leaflets, and advertisements of such schools can be seen in everyday newspaper or at any street or area of Dhaka. But most of these schools hardly meet the expectation of the parents and are hardly able to educate in a systematic way using English language as the medium of exchange. Keeping these facts in mind, considering a project to setup a quality private English medium school in Dhaka is very rational. The name of my English medium school is Creative International School and it will locate at house no-32, Road no-3, Dhanmondi , Dhaka- 1205. It will satisfy the consumer need by providing education to 4 to 18 year old children and teenagers, using up to date and high quality learning methods adopted from deputed schools in United Kingdom. In addition it will become the best English medium school in Bangladesh within 2012 in the following areas:- Teaching method Teachers quality Student development Student quality Student intake Learning environment Teaching environment Working environment This project aims to establish CIS to attain these objectives for achieving features of high standards. The promoter: The promoter of the proposed CIS has sufficient experience and knowledge in the concerned field. The brief profile are given below- Name Age Contact address Phone number Kaniz Fatema 24 Flat 2, Delafield House, Christian Street, London +447574560200 Md. Farid Alam 25 Flat 40, Langdon House IDA Street, London +44740-4499400 M. Razibul hassan 26 House no 29 Road no 2 Dhanmondi, Dhaka +88029110210 +8801711389697 Mohammed Hafezul Islam 25 House no 27 Road no 2 Dhanmondi, Dhaka +88029110210 +8801711519729 The proposed school will have the legal form of a private limited company. The four promoters will be the four partners of the business. The partnership deed and agreements are already signed by the four promoters in accordance with the existence law of partnership in Bangladesh. The ability of the promoters to establish such school reflects their capabilities in several aspects. Economics of one unit: Since our main goal is to provide better education by forming Creative International School (CIS), we will not get profit. We are four founder just take 10000 as our salary, and rest of the profit will be distributed to fundamental development. If any one want to get away he can, but he will not get any profit. We are going to form a private English medium school, which name is Creative International School (CIS). Our main competitive advantages are to provide better education than other existence English medium school. Our per unit means per class students that means how much money will save from one class students in a month. Creative International School Economics of one unit Accounts name Unit cost S Revenue 1200 Less: Variable cost 123.1528 Contribution margin 1076.847 Less: Fixed cost 871.7593 Net profit 205.088 Evaluating our business idea: Our education, current organization position, and our experiences are listed below by a table- Name Education Current organization and position Previous experience Kaniz Fatema Sharmin (International relationship UK) Managing Director, Teleno CO. Ltd Assistant country manager, Save the children (UK), Dhaka Md. Farid Alam ( Economics USA ) Directoe Teleno co. Ltd Assistant Professor, London School, UK Mohammed Hafezul Islam ( Finance DU ) Head of Finance BEXIMCO Dhaka Associate Director, Finance, Oxford international school, Dhaka Md. Farid Alam ( IT UK ) Assistance principal, Oxford international school Teacher, Green Leaf School UK SWOT analysis of Creative international school are given below- Strength: High qualified teacher Teachers quality Good learning environment Teaching environment Working environment AC system class room Weaknesses: High risk Teachers politics Complex management Opportunity: Lack of English medium school High qualified governing body A source of social work Threat: Changing government rule Competition Lack of management Business Goal: The short term goal of this report is to primarily apply the determined plan of set up an English medium school. We have mentioned earlier that our main goal is to provide better education. The long term purpose of this report is to have a clear understanding of the activities and requirements of setting up an English medium school in Dhaka. There have been many English medium schools operating in our country for the last ten years. This is a service oriented business, and there not been many formal feasibility studies on how to establish this business. This study mainly focuses on management, marketing, technical, and social economic aspect of the project. Core Beliefs: Three core beliefs are described below- Low cost: Low cost is our main belief that we will provide better education with lower cost rather than other competitors. We are going to take only 1000Tk per month as tuition fees. Every body think that English medium school is only for rich family members because of high cost, however; we are going to omit this concept from general people. Creative international school is for all kind of people in our society. High qualified teacher: We think that our teacher will be highly qualified because we believe that a good teacher can give best effort according to students need. As a result, when we select any teacher, we try to nominate English proficient person. English environment: We believe that English environment is one of complex component duo to learn English language, in addition; we will hopeful that we will be successful to create an English environment which will be benefited for students. Supply and Demand: There are some factors that can influence on demand of our Creative international school. Those factors are discussed below- Tuition fees: tuition fees are one of an important factor that can influence on demand. We know that if price increase demand of something decreases that is why we have determined less tuition fees due to attract general people to admit there their child in our school. Quality: Quality is a curtail factor for determining demand of our educational service. Every body want cheap rate but they do not avoid quality. If quality become low, demand will also be low, as a result; we always try to sustain quality. Availability of other institutions: Demand also depends on availability of other English medium school. If number of English medium There are also some factors that can influence on supply of our service. Since our business is providing service, that is why; it only depend on our quality service. If we provide well praised education , our schools popularity will obviously increase. Strategy: Since Creative international school is a English medium school, so it should create a English environment. CIS will follow fully British education system, this is our main strategy. Tactics: To carry out the strategy, we are going to follow some ways. These are mentioned below- 2.1. Low cost: Low cost is our main competitive advantage that we will provide better education with lower cost rather than other competitors. We are going to take only 1000Tk per month as tuition fees. Every body think that English medium school is only for rich family members because of high cost, however; we are going to omit this concept from general people. Creative international school is for all kind of people in our society. 2.2. Quality of education: This is our second competitive advantage; we know that every thing depend on quality. If our teaching quality is good, we will get more popularity. 2.3. High qualified teacher: This is our competitive advantage; we think that our teacher will be highly qualified because we believe that a good teacher can give best effort according to students need. As a result, when we select any teacher, we try to nominate English proficient person. 2.4. Location: Location is one of big factors behind the successfulness of a business. Creative international school is situated in the center of our target market. We think that each and every student will get the benefit from it. Communication system of Dhanmondi is very good, that is why student can come to school easily Mission Statement: Creative International School is going to provide high quality education by highly qualified teacher with lower cost, which is going to follow British education system. We are mainly focusing on those families who have at least 20,000Tk income monthly. Consumer analysis: In order to learn who our potential customer is, where we can reach them, what they want and need. We can do four types of market research, but we are mainly focusing on statistical research. To understand the number of student intake, in other words for market analysis, for the first year of operation of the school, the following data in the given table have been consulted. Literacy Rate for Person Aged 5 Years And Above By Sex, 20002-20006 Year Both sex Male Female 2005 53.89 45.93 60.10 2009 65.58 61.95 60.08 Sources: Official website of Bangladesh bureau of statistics (BBS) www.bbsgov.org So in Dhaka, from 2005-2009, literacy rate of children aging from 5years to 14 years had been increased by 16%. However in Dhaka adult literacy rate, population aged 15 years and above, shows a significant increase from 2005 to 2009. In 2009 this figure for Dhaka was highest among all other District of Bangladesh. Adult literacy rate of population aged from 15 years and above in Dhaka by sex. Year Both sex Male Female 2005 37.8 2009 58.67 65.94 48.70 Sources: Official website of Bangladesh bureau of statistics (BBS) www.bbsgov.org so from the above table it can be seen that adult literacy rate in Dhaka increased by 20.87% in five years from 2005-2009 if similar trend continues for Dhaka also will create the ground for rapid increases of demand for education institutions or school. This assumption of increasing demand can also be supported for the increase in number of schools attending schools in Dhaka. From these trends it can be assumed and projected that in Dhaka demand for an English medium school will be higher than any other districts in Bangladesh. On the basis of such analysis the marketing strategies of Creative International School have been established. Target Consumer: CIS will be situated in Dhanmondi, Dhaka, initially its target is to higher, higher middle, and middle class families students from 4 -12 years. Though the schools aims are to intake students from all class in Dhaka, initially it will intake students from the following locations:- Dhanmondi Lalmatia Mohammadpur Shamoli Shutrabad Azimpur Zigatola Rayer Bazar Thus the above areas will be considered as the primary target market, we have also segmented our market on the basis of age, Gender, Income. These are described below- Age: We have mentioned earlier that our student will be aged at 4 years to 12 years. Gender: Creative International School is a coeducational school; so we are concerning on both male and female. Income: Creative International is for all class families. We are focusing on those families who have at least twenty thousand taka income. Market Analysis: I have mentioned earlier about our primary target market which is going to start from Dhanmondi, Azimpur, Zigatola, and Rayer Bazar. We have segmented our target market by geographically and demographically. Primarily we are not going to target whole Dhaka city, just we are going to mentioned area. Later we will target whole Dhaka city. At the age of four to twelve students are my target markets. How many students have in my targeted area at the age of 4-12 are given below- S. Number Locality Number of students 1 Dhanmondi 7450 2 Lalmatia 4960 3 Mohammadpur 5890 4 Shamoli 6700 5 Azimpur 6003 6 Zigatola 5020 7 Rayer Bazar 6720 8 Sukrabad 5620 Total 48363 We have approximated that there are fourth eight thousand three hundred and sixty three in our approximated targeted area. We have determined that if we get ten percent of the total student, we will be primarily able to start our operating activities. At this stage, our primary target is those families who have at least 20000Tk income. For first year, our target is only ten percent of the total student, but beginning two months if we get only five percent of the total student that is enough. We know English medium school is in the growing stage of the product life cycle because we have followed that only a few English medium schools are situated in Dhaka city. Now some of English medium school is growing up. That is why we can show our service in the growth stage. The Marketing Mix: We have mentioned earlier that Creative International School is a service related business. To provide quality education to its targeted age group, the proposed CIS will include the following specification with its core service delivery process- The language or medium of teaching will be English. Also Bengali language, grammar and literature will be included in the syllabus of all class students. The teaching method for the students of Play group Nursery will be kindergarten style. The method will be updated when necessary to comply with the changes. The teaching method for the students of Play group to Standard five will follow the teaching methods practiced in the United States. The courses and textbooks will be chosen to comply with the teaching methods mentioned above. For courses like history, Geography, religious studies and economics etc. concentration will be given on Bangladesh perspectives. students will be informed and taught properly about all major national, religious and / or any other major events/ festivals in Bangladesh so that the have greater understanding and knowledge about the culture and heritage of Bangladesh. Performance of all teachers and all other employees will be measured with 360 degree appraisal system which will ensure high standards. The school campus will be kept clean, free of hazardous elements and elements and free from smoking. Spacious and proper ventilation, temperature and heating will be ensured. The school will be operated incompliance with all laws of Bangladesh. The service specifications will be updated according to the need and demand of the future whenever is necessary. English medium school is a growing concept in Bangladesh. So it is a relatively easy to identify its use. Pricing strategy: During the first year, we will follow the cost-plus strategy where we are going to add cost and the minimum profit. Since it is a service organization, our main goal is to providing better service no earning profit. That is why we have selected only the cost plus pricing strategy. Promotion Plan: The initial promotion plan for CIS will be targeted towards creating awareness among its target audiences. The following plan will be implemented for this purpose: Advertising media: Newspaper, poster, leaflets, banners. Public relation and publicity: News conference, Parents and children seminar, launching ceremony. Special discount: a special discount will be given to students, if you get admitted within 6 months from the starting months. Sales Commission: Any person including the staffs and teachers of the school who will provide 5 students in any class at a time will receive a sales commission. These promotional plans will be carried in accordance with the overall marketing plan of the promoters. Promoters Marketing Plan: Initially we will set the following plans to market CIS as a unique English medium school:- Positioning CIS as a school that follows most modern concepts of teaching and learning in every advertisement and public relation activity. Giving the CIS and its logo a brand image through advertisement and public relation activities. Distributing leaflets, fliers, among families of the target groups living in the surrounding geographical area for six months and once in every month for the second to sixth months. Using attractive banners and posters in the same geographical areas in places where they will be most visible by the target group. Arrange seminar regarding to English medium school in Dhaka. The seminar will be for parents and the children of the target customer areas. It will take place 7 days before the inaugural program of the school. Selected students, whose performance will be below expectations, will be rewarded if they can enhance their performance within a year. Everyday at school hours either the principal or vice principal will be available for the students and parents counseling regarding any issue. The counselors will also act as customer service persons and will listen to any complaints from students and parents act upon it. The marketing plans by the promoters are chiefly focused on building awareness among target customers and achieving long term relationship with them. The awareness building activities will continue hand to hand with the promotional activities to initiate positive actions from the target audience. Break even analysis: Break even point= Fixed cost/Unit contribution margin =627667/1077 =582 Students If Creative International school teaches 583 students per moths, it will get to on break even point. Break even point analysis by Graph: Number of St V. Costs F. Costs Profit 50 $6,150 627666 10250 200 $24,600 627666 41000 300 $36,900 627666 61500 350 $43,050 627666 71750 500 $61,500 627666 102500 700 $86,100 627666 143500 800 $98,400 627666 164000 1000 $123,000 627666 205000 Sales and Customer Service: We are going to open a service business, where we will provide education service. Our competitive advantages are quality of education, low cost, high qualified teacher, and good environment for education. Three of this are described below:- 9.1. Low cost: Low cost is our main competitive advantage that we will provide better education with lower cost rather than other competitors. We are going to take only 1000Tk per month as tuition fees. Every body think that English medium school is only for rich family members because of high cost, however; we are going to omit this concept from general people. Creative international school is for all kind of people in our society. Quality of education: This is our second competitive advantage; we know that every thing depend on quality. If our teaching quality is good, we will get more popularity. High qualified teacher: This is our competitive advantage; we think that our teacher will be highly qualified because we believe that a good teacher can give best effort according to students need. As a result, when we select any teacher, we try to nominate English proficient person. Location: Location is one of big factors behind the successfulness of a business. Creative international school is situated in House no 29 Road no 2 Dhanmondi, Dhaka. We think that each and every student will get the benefit from it. Communication system of Dhanmondi is very good, that is why student can come to school easily. FINANCE Journal of first month: Income statement: Balance sheet: Creative International School

Computer Ethics Essay -- Ethics Morals Morality

As of September 2003, there were approximately 70 million Americans or about 62 percent of the American population had at least one home computer. Another statistic is that about 55% of people also have internet on there home computers. In everyday life it is important for a person to have good ethics; this is also true about computer usage. Due to the fact that more then half of the American population owns computers, computer ethics are a growing concern in a rapidly changing society. Computer ethics can be broken down in to many topics including piracy, hacking, viruses, spam, phishing, and responsibility of use of software, cyber porn, and invasion of privacy and the use of the computer in the work place. Also there are many issues both moral and professional that a person who uses a computer might face. Piracy which by definition is reproduction, distribution and use of software without permission of the owner of copyright, poses some serious ethical problems. The free exchange of copyrighted materials is piracy as it undermines the ability of copyright holders (and their representatives) to control the sale and distribution of goods to which theyÂâ€"and only theyÂâ€"own the rights. Probably the best known and most widely practiced form of piracy is the distribution of copyright protected music files via popular file sharing programs such as Kazaa and Limewire. As bandwidth increases, the "sharing" of movies and television shows on the Internet is likely to increase as well. Although file sharing is quite common, that does not mean it is okay. Another ethical problem with computers is hacking. Hacking is the computer equivalent of breaking and entering. A computer hacker uses his or her skills to gain unauthorized access t... ...rious consequences could surface which could ultimately lead to a loss of ones job. There are certain times and places were looking at different websites is ok and other times were it is just not acceptable. As previously mentioned, computer ethics in some peoples eyes greatly changed based on were the computer you are on is located. There is a completely different set of ethics for work computers. Not only do ethics come into play in workplace with computer use but so do morals. It is very important for a person to be able to know the fine line between what is ok for work and what is not acceptable. This can vary from harassment through things like email to just visiting the wrong kinds of site. In my research I have found that many companies are actually coming up with ethical commandments for the work place to further define the line between right and wrong.

Abortion and Women’s Rights

I believe that abortion is a woman’s right in Africa.   The decision should be up to the individual woman without any outside influences from society. (2003, Thomas) Lynn M. Thomas explains how â€Å"Social controversies for women in Africa are looming presenting a risk of death† because of the laws in the country which ban women from having abortions, in which the issue of reproductive rights in Africa is an important aspect of women’s rights and is one of the central issues in human rights debated in various regions in Africa. The problem of reproductive rights is therefore linked to larger women’s rights issues in that sex and reproduction are often used as ways of oppressing women in various cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Reproductive rights therefore refer to the issue of choice and the right for women to decide for themselves – particularly with regard to their bodies and the important aspects of pregnancy and childbirth. One study on this issue states the problem in the following way. â€Å"The Right to choose is just one aspect of a much larger issue of reproductive rights – women’s right to control their own bodies and reproductive lives,† according to Smith. ( Smith, 2004) The right to abortion should be an African woman’s choice and right .   Women‘s reproductive rights and human rights in general, is the right to have an abortion, if she chooses and it essentially is a women’s prerogative.   We will discuss the right of a women and why she must   choose for herself, as well as be legally available to get an abortion in Africa.. For too many years, women who live in Africa have been giving birth to children in which many of them could not afford.   Women were never asked if they wanted to give birth to the child and never given the choice if she wanted to remain pregnant.   It was always assumed that if she got pregnant, she would carry the child without ever considering the possibility of aborting the fetus.  A women should also have the full legal right with regard to choosing to have an abortion or not and this right should not be predetermined by society for cultural reasons, but by the woman who will be responsible for carrying the fetus. Very often the issue of abortion is treated as if it is a separate aspect and not related to the context of the more â€Å"acceptable† view of the legitimate rights of women.  Ã‚   Very few people question the right of the woman when it comes to the issue of abortion but the issue of abortion on the other hand carries with it negative associations and connotations and have become a very cultural issue.   However, abortion is an issue that should, of necessity, be viewed in the larger context of women’s rights because the woman is the primary caretaker of the child, if she chooses to give birth, she is the person who must decide if the child can be properly cared for.   In impoverished nations, such as Africa, it should be especially legal since the living conditions are so bad. Reproductive rights, as the essential rights of women over their own bodies and sexuality, are not something separate from other issues relating to gender rights where the central arguments put forward in this regard, that it is the woman that must make this choice and not a society that is dominated by a cultural view on abortion. It is the woman who offers her body as a vessel necessary for the growth of the unborn child, not a nation’s, such as Africa, who doesn’t offer assistance for the growth of the child and therefore he leaves the woman to be solely responsible for the development and care for the child.   Since women are the ones who carry babies for nine months, African officials shouldn’t have a right to deny the woman the freedom to make a conscious choice, therefore, they shouldn’t be able to judge the African woman’s decision or her views concerning abortion. It should also be noted that the issue of reproductive rights for women is a complex and convoluted area of moral and ethical discourse.   However the central fact is that the history of reproductive rights is intimately linked to the history of women’s rights and cultural issues in general, which have become prominent in society.   To speak of reproductive rights is to ask if it is safe for a woman to give birth in a nation that is sometimes incapable of aiding in the growth of the child.   Reproductive rights are sometimes compromised because of a nation‘s views on the subject. The issue is debated differently from traditional point of view since many Africans believe that it is always necessary to give birth without considering the harmful effects that the pregnancy may cause.   The African woman has to make the choice of if she will carry a child for nine months of her life or if he will be solely responsible for the child’s care, both emotionally and financially since African men have often in the past, denied that they were involved in the child’s development and they certainly have never had to make the choice of carrying a child to full term. One of the central arguments in favor of the right to abortion for women is that in many societies women are subjected to horrendous oppression and discrimination in terms of sexual role and norms. (2003, WHO) One example that is often quoted is that of Africa.   Many women in African countries have no control over their sexual and reproductive rights.   If, for example a husband contracts HIV/AIDS, in some cultures the wife cannot refuse to have intercourse with him – even though this would endanger her personal health and infringe her sexual rights.   In effect many women in the world have no say or control over their bodies and sexuality. This relates to the issue of abortion in that the right to undergo an abortion is an extension of these reproductive and human rights that should be accepted as ubiquitous in all societies. Another issue that is often quoted in defense of women’s abortion rights is that, a large number of poor and working-class women die when abortion is illegal. According to the World Health Organization, 78,000 women around the world die from unsafe abortions every year. Abortion is every woman’s right. This aspect is also highlighted by the fact that the problem of deaths due to abortions usually occur among the poor, oppressed or disenfranchised women of the world. This fact does not apply only to the less developed regions of the world according to (Rosenbaum, 2001) who says, â€Å"Women in Africa are at risk.† These cases are usually among the Black or Hispanic populations. With the high poverty rate for African women , it is not unreasonable to believe that the abortion rate would be high among these races. Abortion is every woman’s right, and should be closely looked at more closely when it comes to abortions in countries who offer little or no help to the mother. In many countries in the world abortion is forbidden and can result in prison terms for women.   It is often the case that reproductive rights are denied in countries which are usually poverty stricken and with poor human rights records. Approximately 25% of the world population lives in countries with highly restrictive abortion laws, which is quite common in Africa. These are the countries where abortion is most restricted according to the law. â€Å"In Africa, women still are not allowed to obtain an abortion,† says Stuart Rosenbaum. (2001,Rosenbaum) It therefore follows that allowing women their reproductive rights and providing for legalized abortions could save suffering and lives in these counties. This rationale also applies to the high incidence of rape in many countries where abortion is illegal.   Many women suffer both physically and economically as a result of laws that do not provide for the right to abortion as a fundament human right. While there is the ethical argument that the unborn fetus also has rights, this is an aspect that must be considered in terms of the rights of the mother as well.   It must be admitted that the issue of the rights of the unborn child presents intricate and complex problems, which involves many often confusing and convoluted definitions of what constitutes life.   A comprehensive study in this regard is The House of Atreus: Abortion as a Human Rights Issue is explained, (Bohan, 1999). The author tells us that â€Å"No society that truly believes in human rights can fail to recognize the right to life of the unborn. Human rights are, by definition, rights which inhere in one simply by virtue of being a human.† Notwithstanding these arguments, the problem of abortion rights finds its proper context in the general view of cultural regards. Therefore the question of abortion rights should be seen in the context of social oppression and other forms of societal discrimination of women.   The traditional view of women is for the African woman to get pregnant, carry the baby for nine month and then to give birth without ever questioning the option of abortion.   These cultural values do not recognize the importance of women's health and well-being, and they do not ever take into consideration that the woman may die during childbirth or that she may give birth to a child who is born into poverty conditions and may die from starvation or illness. The topic of abortion should be discussed in Africa and offered as an option to the woman who has the right to choose abortion if she sees that it is necessary. The argument for abortion rights for women should be linked to the larger issues and related to aspects in society that are all interconnected.   As one study suggests, the legalization of abortion rights is closely linked to issues such as class, race and economic discrimination, especially in Africa. â€Å"Abortion should be legal in Africa†¦ because statutory bans on abortion during the twentieth century were selectively or arbitrarily enforced in ways that intentionally discriminated against poor persons and persons of color,† according to (Graber, 1996) and those rights should be given to every woman in Africa, so she can make her individual decision of if she will be giving birth to her child or getting an abortion. Graber,Mark. (1996) Rethinking Abortion, p. 6 Rosenbaum, Stuart E. (2001) Pro-Life Verses Pro Choice, The Ethics of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abortion, p. 173 Thomas, Lynn M. (2003) Politics of the Womb, University of California  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press, p. 17 World Health Organization, (2003) Technical and Policy Guidance for  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health Systems, p.6   

Emotional Functioning And Social Competence

This article is more of a research paper and review on previous studies than new experimental findings. This paper tries to make a connection between emotional functioning and social competence (popularity) of a child. The definition used in this paper of social competence is â€Å"the ability to be effective in the realization of social goals. † This can also be viewed as the ability to influence peers and their activities. Peers of the children were chosen as the source of competence evaluations. This research was based on six different emotional functions and abilities. Children’s understanding of emotions, their identification of their own emotions, emotion regulation, practice of emotion display rules, their sympathetic response, and their mood states. Understanding of emotions seems very closely correlated to peer social status of a child. The ability to understand emotions also implies the ability to judge the social context in many situations, allowing the child to make â€Å"relevant comments and [engage] in group-oriented behavior. † This ability allows the child to â€Å"engage successfully in cooperative play for sustained periods of time. † There was no direct evidence that the ability to identify one’s own emotion has an impact on social competence of a child. However, it is logical that being able to identify one’s own emotions would help understand the emotional states of others. Emotion regulation also seems to play a key role in the social competence of a child. Most children realize that they are in charge of their emotions and that emotions can be altered. As children get older, successful play will require more self control because there will be many situations where â€Å"negotiation of conflict† is necessary. Children who are able to display more self-control will be perceived as a more desirable play partners. It has also been found that â€Å"social popularity is inversely related to overt anger incidents. † It seems that the more popular children are better at coping with anger inducing situations. The concept of emotional display rules is similar to emotion regulation. Emotional display rules are the rules that are followed so as to keep the peace and balance in a social setting. Certain emotions are not appropriate for some situations. It is difficult to quantitatively assess how well a child uses emotional display rules, but it follows logically that a child who is well liked by his peers will be able to properly display or mask his emotions in a given situation. Since sympathy requires one to be â€Å"other-oriented,† meaning understanding the distress of others from their point of view, it would require some emotional control. Both teachers and peers describe popular children as more cooperative and helpful than the average child, and rejected children as less helpful. However, there was no direct evidence for concluding that social status can be predicted from sympathetic responding. Mood states of a child can also be a factor in whether that child is a desirable playmate or not. Children who routinely display positive moods are better liked by their peers. Moody children tend to be disliked by their peers. However, it is difficult to determine cause and effect of this. From this article, a child’s social status and popularity has great correlation to the emotional functionality of that child. We do not always know, as with many other psychological studies, what the cause is and what the effect is. This seems to be the case with the mood states of the children. However, in all the other cases, the cause seems to be the emotional functionality of the child and the effect is popularity. So should we teach our children to be more emotionally stable and functional? Should we make our children conform to society’s standards to be â€Å"popular? † I see nothing wrong with it. We can make our society more utopian by making sure that our children are emotionally functional and that all the children are accepted by each other. As those children grow to be adults, they can be more cooperative and productive, making a overall better society.

Electron Domain Definition and VSEPR Theory

Electron Domain Definition and VSEPR Theory In chemistry, the electron domain refers to the number of lone pairs or bond locations around a particular atom in a molecule. Electron domains may also be called electron groups.  Bond location is independent of whether the bond is a single, double, or triple bond. Key Takeaways: Electron Domain An atoms electron domain is the number of lone pairs or chemical bond locations that surround it. It represents the number of locations expected to contain electrons.By knowing the electron domain of each atom in a molecule, you can predict its geometry. This is because electrons distribute around an atom to minimize repulsion with one another.Electron repulsion is not the only factor that affects molecular geometry. Electrons are attracted to positively charged nuclei. The nuclei, in turn, repel each other. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory Imagine tying two balloons together at the ends. The balloons automatically repel one another. Add a third balloon, and the same thing happens so that the tied ends form an equilateral triangle. Add a fourth balloon, and the tied ends reorient themselves into a tetrahedral shape. The same phenomenon occurs with electrons. Electrons repel one another, so when they are placed near one another, they automatically organize themselves into a shape that minimizes repulsions among them. This phenomenon is described as VSEPR, or Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion. Electron domain is used in VSEPR theory to determine the molecular geometry of a molecule. The convention is to indicate the number of bonding electron pairs by the capital letter X, the number of lone electron pairs by the capital letter E, and the capital letter A for the central atom of the molecule (AXnEm). When predicting molecular geometry, keep in mind the electrons generally try to maximize distance from each other but they are influenced by other forces, such as the proximity and size of a positively-charged nucleus. For example, CO2 has two electron domains around the central carbon atom. Each double bond counts as one electron domain. Relating Electron Domains to Molecular Shape The number of electron domains indicates the number of places you can expect to find electrons around a central atom. This, in turn, relates to the expected geometry of a molecule. When the electron domain arrangement is used to describe around the central atom of a molecule, it may be called the molecules electron domain geometry. The arrangement of atoms in space is the molecular geometry. Examples of molecules, their electron domain geometry, and molecular geometry include: AX2 - The two-electron domain structure produces a linear molecule with electron groups 180 degrees apart. An example of a molecule with this geometry is CH2CCH2, which has two H2C-C bonds forming a 180-degree angle. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is another linear molecule, consisting of two O-C bonds that are 180 degrees apart.AX2E and AX2E2 - If there are two electron domains and one or two  lone electron pair, the molecule can have a bent geometry. Lone electron pairs make a major contribution to the shape of a molecule. If there is one lone pair, the result is a trigonal planar shape, while two lone pairs produce a tetrahedral shape.AX3 - The three electron domain system describes a trigonal planar geometry of a molecule where four atoms are arranged to form triangles with respect to each other. The angles add up to 360 degrees. An example of a molecule with this configuration is boron trifluoride (BF3), which has three F-B bonds, each forming 120-degree angles. Using Electron Domains to Find Molecular Geometry To predict the molecular geometry using the VSEPR model: Sketch the Lewis structure of the ion or molecule.Arrange the electron domains around the central atom to minimize repulsion.Count the total number of electron domains.Use the angular arrangement of the chemical bonds between the atoms to determine the molecular geometry. Keep in mind, multiple bonds (i.e., double bonds, triple bonds) count as one electron domain. In other words, a double bond is one domain, not two. Sources Jolly, William L. Modern Inorganic Chemistry. McGraw-Hill College, June 1, 1984. Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications.  F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry D. Madura, et al., 11th Edition, Pearson, February 29, 2016.

Choosing the best essay writing website for you

Choosing the best essay writing website for you If you have never asked for help in your entire life, then something must be wrong. No one is perfect and from time to time, we need people to aid in particular areas. One area where one is bound to ask for help is in the essay writing field. As much as college students have succeeded to enroll in different courses, its not a guarantee that they are geniuses. It comes a point where they will need help in essay writing. Since only few students can manage to write better, asking them for help could be a bit challenging. When do they get time to handle all essays given to them? The only solution is seeking help from the best essay writing company. Unfortunately the best essay service will not come to meet up with you. College students among other customers take the effort to look for a service that offers quality papers. Its easy to search through the internet and find a service but just how do you prove that they are good? Digging deeper into writing website proves to be the only solution. Getting to know how they work and the features they offer is what is important. But all the same, there will be challenges when getting to learn more about a service. Currently, one can merely tell the difference between a genuine company from a fake one by simply checking its website. All of them have similar features. Whats different is that some may contain testimonials page while some have. All best essay writing websites have a testimonials page that customers can access. This is the page that contains comments of previous users. Go through several testimonials to see if the service can produce the best essay for you or not. Good testimonials should talk about a writers work, the kind of customer service offered and delivery options. At least you will have seen what previous users have experienced the get ready to encounter yours too .if not satisfied with a particular testimonials page, its important that you check out another essay service. Until you are comfortable with a service, do not go ahead to place an order .The number of best essay services are many just as the fake ones. Everyday we stumble upon testimonials and feedbacks from different customers, use the information provided and check out best essay services selected for you.

Airport and Aviation Security Annotated Bibliography

Airport and Aviation Security The paper "Airport and Aviation Security" is a delightful example of an annotated bibliography on social science. Abrahamsen, R., Williams, M. C. (2009). Security beyond the state: Global security assemblages in international politics. International Political Sociology, 3(1), 1-17.The book provides an in-depth analysis of global security privatization. It analyses global governance in relation to security in private companies. The books put forth theories examining state authorities and the private e-commerce sectors and how this impacts global security. The book content is very current and politically inclined. The information can be relied on as credible and useful.Adey, P. (2009). Facing airport security: affect, biopolitics, and the preemptive securitization of the mobile body. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27(2), 274-295.The book preemptively narrates the openings that airports provide to global security or insecurity. The book cross examines why airports are i nsecurity targets. The book also provides a peek into the future of airport security on several dimensions. The book is current and very useful in providing credible discourse in upgrading airport security mechanisms.Elias, B. (2009). Airport and aviation security: US policy and strategy in the age of global terrorism. CRC Press.The books explore the challenges that current airport security strategies are facing. The measures put forth by security protocols and why they do not effectively counter insecurity. There is wide coverage of the imbalance between air commerce whenever global security measures are enforced. The authors perspective is absolutely convincing as they relate with the most recent al-Qaida attacks. More than this, the book is recently published and has been referenced a lot meaning it is credible and the information reliable.Frederickson, H. G., LaPorte, T. R. (2002). Airport security, high reliability, and the problem of rationality. Public Administration Review, 62(s1), 33-43.The article appeals to the aspects of the reliability of airport security operations. The author explores a myriad of efforts to ensure enforced airport security standards to bear fruit in global security. The article further provides an overview of the information needed to implement the high standards of security. The author being a public administrator provides the administrative view where the airline sector is to charge for the responsibility of global security. The public administration theories are more accurate and relevant in the application.Heng, Y. K., McDonagh, K. (2009). Risk, Global Governance and Security: The Other War on Terror. Routledge. The book provides a multilateral view of global security cutting across the militaristic forces, the rhetorical war on terror and emerging issues in global security. With the incessant explosion of terrorism, the book covers strategic ways to end the insecurity. The book exhaustively discusses anti-terror initiativ es and the modes of implementation exploring their effectiveness. The information as presented is credible. The author has vast knowledge in international relations from his long lecturing career in many universities. The authors reference to theories of risk and key concepts adds credibility that makes the knowledge very useful. Kibaroğlu, M., Kibaroğlu, A., Halman, T. S. (2009). Global security watch--Turkey: A reference handbook. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International. The book examines Turkeys reaction to foreign policies and decisions. It also explains how the private sector has boosted the state of global airline safety. The book provides a conceptual framework for the role that airport security plays in global security by demonstrating the state of Turkish airports. Other than been current the information is practically drawn making this credible source. McCarley, J. S., Kramer, A. F., Wickens, C. D., Vidoni, E. D., Boot, W. R. (2004). Visual skills in air port-security screening. Psychological Science, 15(5), 302-306. The journal is based on an experimental check on the tools employed in airport security. The experiment purely is used to reveal how the travels and screening tools can contribute to global insecurity. Moreover, the journal uncovers the need to upgrade airport security screening tools. This information is credible and having been conducted scientifically, it is highly accurate and reliable. Sparke, M. B. (2006). A neoliberal nexus: Economy, security and the biopolitics of citizenship on the border. Political Geography, 25(2), 151-180. The book identifies the ways in which airport security is has failed. It examines the inadequate security designs that airports employ. The role that bodies such as the Transport Security Administration and Homeland security play are discussed. This is a very recent publication, therefore, gives a current view. The author is a diplomat and a keen analysis of security matters. This informat ion is fairly credible and accurate when related to the current state of affairs.Sweet, K. (2008). Aviation and airport security: terrorism and safety concerns. CRC Press. The descriptive analysis of biometrics, predictive analysis and dataveillance in the book scrutinized the role of airport security on state borders. The book relates technology, the airport travels and global security on many levels. The text is also particular in technological techniques through which airport security enhances global security. The content is relatively recent, credible and accurate technologically and other senses.TYLER, S. T. A. C. E. Y. L. (2017). AIRPORT SECURITY: Passenger screening and governance post-9/11. S.l.: ROSEDOG PR. This book narrates the tenets of airlines exploring their operations, economic impacts and political roles. It addresses the challenges faced, global security being a major threat. The book also provides great insight into the age of terrorism and its impact on airports. The author writes on account of their first-hand experience from their experience working in the Turkish embassy. This authors active involvement in business security has enabled her to argue substantially on the subject making credible and reliable arguments.

Business ethics and environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business ethics and environment - Assignment Example It also strongly advocated for the principle that companies should embark on fair pricing so as to improve the economy and attract investment. In addition, it advocated for employees by stating that they should be respected and treated with high regard. It believed that by doing this then one would increase employee output and reliability. This would in return amount to better quality work done. Subsequently, the company will make returns. The prime problem of this assumption is that the employee may fail to deliver when they feel that respect for them lacks. Indeed, Shareholder Value Management and Stakeholder value management are quite different in aspect. Shareholder Value Management stresses more on the principle of profitability over responsibility, and the organizations are seen as tools that are to rake in profits. On the other hand, Stakeholder Value Management believes in the principles of responsibility for profitability (Denning, 2014). While Shareholder Value Management deals more with issues targeting at how a corporation can manage to rake in more profit, Stakeholder Value Management seek to deal with the main issues, which hamper effective productivity. Additionally, it offers to bring solutions, which can improve the overall situation. Focusing on profitability seeks to look for short-term solutions that will ensure quick profits. The prime focus of the former is to concentrate on profit margins, while the latter digs deeper and seeks to offer practical solutions to these issues at hand (Carroll, & Buchholtz, 2015). The s atisfaction of the employees and the clients as well is the priority of the latter while the former seeks to please the bigwigs with impressive figures. The major issues leading to failure of the Shareholder Value Maximization were that the emphasis was placed on returns, and this resulted in a workforce, which was not producing results as per the expected outcomes.

UK Welfare Reform Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UK Welfare Reform Bill - Essay Example It instead encourages them to work hard and earn their own income (Meyer and Sullivan, 2004). The bill compels all the people who claim benefits to follow an employment advisor's directions or sanctions be placed on their benefits. This is in order to ensure that any benefits claims are made in the right way. These new conditions are meant to ensure that only deserving people are considered for benefits. This bill proposes that beneficiaries work for their benefits through some sort of a workfare with a labor rate of about '1.73 hourly for 35 hours every week. This bill further proposes the piloting of this workfare and its subsequent rollout without any further primary legislation. The workfare clause of the bill has attracted a lot of criticism from various quarters who have proposed various amendments to the clause. The UK Department of Welfare and Pensions has refuted any claims of workfare increasing the likelihood to find work. The department particularly notes that workfare is not effective in getting jobs for people, especially in jurisdictions of weak labor markets that have a high rate of unemployment. The department also faults the bill's effectiveness in for individuals who have numerous barriers to work. The bill has further been accused of reducing employment chances since it limits the time for job hunting and also fails to offer the necessary experience and skills needed by the employers. Work-related activity The bill allows Jobcentre Plus and other private contractors to give mandatory directions to single parents as well as disabled and sick claimants. These directions require these claimants to undertake specific activities or risk facing sanctions on their benefits. This move will ensure that the claimants put some effort towards improving themselves rather than waiting on the government to do it for them. Increased conditions for couples This bill introduces two new changes for any couples who claim benefits. First, it removes the disabled or sick people's rights to claim ESA for couples where one of the partners can claim JSA. Second, this bill requires partners of JSA, ESA and IS claimants to participate in work-related activities or face sanctions. This in effect means that these partners have no choice but to work. Contributions for ESA and JSA This bill greatly restricts eligibility to contribute to ESA and JSA. Those working will now be forced to work longer to be able to pay the required contributions to qualify for the benefits. This will go a long way in reducing the number of qualified contributors to JSA and ESA. This will as a result force many of these claimants to means-tested benefits. The means-tested benefits are not only complex, but also suffer low take up. Others will end up not having any entitlement to means-tested benefits. Carers and maternity allowances This bill proposes the abolishment of dependent additions paid with maternity and carers' allowances. Both benefits are not means-tested and its beneficiaries are the poorest of the poor in the country. The removal of these benefits will lead to over-reliance on means-tested benefits. Those who do not pass the means test will be forced to live on a very low level of income (Scott et al, 2003). Offenders' benefit penalties The bill proposes a four-week benefit suspension for those

Nurse practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nurse practitioner - Essay Example within the present structure of the available health services mainly in order to facilitate their journey within the healthcare continuum (Sweet, 2005). Nurse practitioners have responded to this social and political need and professional challenge through expansion of the scopes of their practice with action, plan, and rigor. As a result in today’s changing contexts, this professional role has literally evolved into development of skills and expansion of scope of practice so this category of service providers can provide efficient, safe, comprehensive, and accessible care to the patients and the communities (Ashington Audit Group., 2004). Before going into the critical examination of the conditions of this development and its social and political contexts, it would be prudent to define a nurse practitioner. According to Australian Nurse Practitioners Association, nurse practitioners are senior clinical nurses within their specialty of choice with a Masters of equivalent degree and registered with the state nursing boards (Redshaw and Harvey, 2001). Professionally they are experienced with high level of skills suitable for different healthcare settings. The political motive for this role is to support the existing system of patient care while at the same time improving access of people to care that may be adequate or even better for certain clinical conditions. In the Australian context, the nurse practitioners are able to cater to the health needs of the population independently through their clinical skills and are able to meet the health needs of the population at the given level through their ability to recognize the holistic health needs in the context of their environments. In any way, this provision is not designed to provide care that is does not fulfill the competency standards of healthcare delivery. They provide services with accountability within this extended scope of practice in conformity with the evidence that nurse practitioners are quite able

The Population Environment Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Population Environment Debate - Essay Example Currently, researchers are trying to frame this debate into a more analytical parameter. This is after they discovered that a framework, which describes the inherent uncertainties in the relationships between population and environment, is vital in giving this debate a direction. Governments are also advised to develop and implement population policy that acknowledges and respects the relationship between population and the environment. Additionally, the entire population should also be engaged, in this debate, to get their views and opinions about the future at the local, regional, and national levels. These actions will help people understand both the positive and negative relationships between population and the environment. Betsy Hartmann first came up with the idea that overpopulation is the primary cause of environmental degradations, and serious population control is required to control this situation (Ramphal et al. 45). He dismissed the idea that population growth was the ma in cause of environmental problems, and reminded researchers to reflect on how population- control programs are not paid much attention. This argument is recognized as the cause of the population-environment debate. Participants of this debate are facing the challenging of considering whether population growth is the cause of environmental degradation, or whether it should be considered as a non-issue, in this debate. Considering one factor, as the effects of population growth on the environment, is what has always given this debate a meaningless direction. Participants need to broaden the basis of their arguments and understand population dynamics and their impacts on the environment (Ramphal et al. 51). While the rate of population growth has significantly slowed down, there is still an increase in the world’s population every year (Ramphal et al. 23). Population growth has a considerable effect on the environment, however; it is difficult to determine whether this impact i n linear or uniform.           

A History of the World Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A History of the World Economy - Essay Example However, it remarkably focuses on the gains and resilience of the free world economy. It systematically traces the origins and ultimate arrival of a global order now ubiquitously termed as globalization. The industrial revolution in the early 18th century ushered in an era from when there has been no looking back. Be it political, social or economical developments, changes had started happening, and happening fast. Too fast for philosophers and researchers to apply the prevalent principles and pinpoint which way the world was headed and how best to keep matters under control to avoid situations running out of hand. Unknown then, the world was inexorably headed towards two world wars when the globe caught in the destabilizing politics of world domination by different European countries and exultant with the benefits of the new inventions like the "Morse Code" telegraph and the steam engine, did not think what could happen to a globe as a result of selfish motives. And when the wars did take place in two quick successions it was too late to put in place a proper political and economical order. It also led to a debilitating depression when the political framework and economic structures had lost their moorings and had to be restructured from a scratch. None would challenge the view that the concept of globalization existed well before its actual ascendance. The very term 'globalization' has seen a widespread and rapid usage and acceptance since the last two decades. Economists like Martin Albrow defined globalization in terms of a single world society and system of processes which incorporates the world into one homogenous order. Or like Anthony Giddens who described globalization as a "new form of world interdependence." However, none would have guessed the enormity of scale in which globalization has seen changes in world economy in which economy that was not based on democratic principles was bound to collapse. The book has little to offer on the pre-globalisation era except during the pre and post war periods. It only dwells at length on the different situations and practices of economy in different parts of Europe, especially central and east Europe in comparison with the well developed economy of the north and northwestern Europe. Communication and Transport The upsurge in economy resulting from rapid advances in communication and transport saw the emergence of a new world order. Corrupt, obsolete socialist, bigotry, and archaic systems could do little to withstand the speed with which they had to introduce reforms they would have rejected had they the choice. True, globalization to any countries was synonymous with western culture. Because western countries like the USA, UK, Germany, and France were anyway in the forefront of the new economic system. The speed and ease with which communication and traveling became possible with the internet and airways and bullet trains were quickly adapted by these nations and countries like China, India, Korea, and the Eastern. European nations like Poland followed suit with their large skilled workforce. The book systematically closes in, following the events of the 18th century onwards, on the inevitability of globalization even in the face of stiff

Nurse practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nurse practitioner - Essay Example within the present structure of the available health services mainly in order to facilitate their journey within the healthcare continuum (Sweet, 2005). Nurse practitioners have responded to this social and political need and professional challenge through expansion of the scopes of their practice with action, plan, and rigor. As a result in today’s changing contexts, this professional role has literally evolved into development of skills and expansion of scope of practice so this category of service providers can provide efficient, safe, comprehensive, and accessible care to the patients and the communities (Ashington Audit Group., 2004). Before going into the critical examination of the conditions of this development and its social and political contexts, it would be prudent to define a nurse practitioner. According to Australian Nurse Practitioners Association, nurse practitioners are senior clinical nurses within their specialty of choice with a Masters of equivalent degree and registered with the state nursing boards (Redshaw and Harvey, 2001). Professionally they are experienced with high level of skills suitable for different healthcare settings. The political motive for this role is to support the existing system of patient care while at the same time improving access of people to care that may be adequate or even better for certain clinical conditions. In the Australian context, the nurse practitioners are able to cater to the health needs of the population independently through their clinical skills and are able to meet the health needs of the population at the given level through their ability to recognize the holistic health needs in the context of their environments. In any way, this provision is not designed to provide care that is does not fulfill the competency standards of healthcare delivery. They provide services with accountability within this extended scope of practice in conformity with the evidence that nurse practitioners are quite able

A History of the World Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A History of the World Economy - Essay Example However, it remarkably focuses on the gains and resilience of the free world economy. It systematically traces the origins and ultimate arrival of a global order now ubiquitously termed as globalization. The industrial revolution in the early 18th century ushered in an era from when there has been no looking back. Be it political, social or economical developments, changes had started happening, and happening fast. Too fast for philosophers and researchers to apply the prevalent principles and pinpoint which way the world was headed and how best to keep matters under control to avoid situations running out of hand. Unknown then, the world was inexorably headed towards two world wars when the globe caught in the destabilizing politics of world domination by different European countries and exultant with the benefits of the new inventions like the "Morse Code" telegraph and the steam engine, did not think what could happen to a globe as a result of selfish motives. And when the wars did take place in two quick successions it was too late to put in place a proper political and economical order. It also led to a debilitating depression when the political framework and economic structures had lost their moorings and had to be restructured from a scratch. None would challenge the view that the concept of globalization existed well before its actual ascendance. The very term 'globalization' has seen a widespread and rapid usage and acceptance since the last two decades. Economists like Martin Albrow defined globalization in terms of a single world society and system of processes which incorporates the world into one homogenous order. Or like Anthony Giddens who described globalization as a "new form of world interdependence." However, none would have guessed the enormity of scale in which globalization has seen changes in world economy in which economy that was not based on democratic principles was bound to collapse. The book has little to offer on the pre-globalisation era except during the pre and post war periods. It only dwells at length on the different situations and practices of economy in different parts of Europe, especially central and east Europe in comparison with the well developed economy of the north and northwestern Europe. Communication and Transport The upsurge in economy resulting from rapid advances in communication and transport saw the emergence of a new world order. Corrupt, obsolete socialist, bigotry, and archaic systems could do little to withstand the speed with which they had to introduce reforms they would have rejected had they the choice. True, globalization to any countries was synonymous with western culture. Because western countries like the USA, UK, Germany, and France were anyway in the forefront of the new economic system. The speed and ease with which communication and traveling became possible with the internet and airways and bullet trains were quickly adapted by these nations and countries like China, India, Korea, and the Eastern. European nations like Poland followed suit with their large skilled workforce. The book systematically closes in, following the events of the 18th century onwards, on the inevitability of globalization even in the face of stiff

How a project different from operations work Essay Example for Free

How a project different from operations work Essay A project is very different from an operation work. In fact, projects and operations comprise the only two aspects of work existing in any organization. Of course, depending on the size and the needs of the organization, projects may or may not be part of existing programs or portfolios- both of them can be broken into several projects (PMI, 2013). Projects and operations are different in various ways. Here I list some of them in contrast: initiation, duration, operation process and budget. 1. Initiation. Projects are initiated by organizations for a variety of reasons, such as to meet a business need, attain a strategic objective or meet a market demand. Projects are created under specific needs. While operations work are to make sure the organization run smoothly, effectively, and professionally. Operations consist of all the activities that contribute directly to an organizations main areas of work (Wetfeet, 2012). Consider a clothing manufactory, which manufactures and sells clothing in its own stores. Operations would include everything from the manufacturing of clothing, to the shipment of that clothing to its retail stores, to the systems the company uses to track clothing thats sold at regular prices, at sale prices, returned by the customer, and so on. It would also include the fulfillment of orders placed on the companys website, and the customer service staff that helps customers with problems, complaints, or other issues. However, if the company has decided to produce a series of special clothing for this year’s Christmas, which will be sold only during the Christmas season, this initiative has become a project. 2. Duration. Projects are temporary in nature with a definite start and end. A project will end when it reaches its goal, or is terminated for various reasons (eg. the organization has changed the goal of the project, or the goal is not achievable†¦etc.), while operations start and end with the establishment and the closing of the company. It is also notable that a project can last for years or months and the effect and impact can last even longer far beyond the end of the project. 3. Operation process. Each project is aimed to create a unique outcome- a product, service or result. The operation process might be very different from one project to another, and the expertise involved can also be very distinctive. For instance, the operation process of a construction project is very different from an agriculture project, and the specific knowledge required will also be different.

EHS Standards Evaluation

EHS Standards Evaluation EH S Evaluation: The product should be evaluated with respect to environmental health and safety, such as handling instructions, personal protective equipment’s and deactivating agents should be determined and made available to every personnel who are making contact with the product. Depending on nature of product, the studies are performed to validate the deactivating agents and procedures. Although it poses additional cost and timing to technology transfer, but it is the first line risk assessment for technology transfer with intending of protecting those who will be producing the product. However during technology transfer the EHS system should be maintain standards across the company. The EHS standards to be maintained for the technology transfer are as follows: Management  Systems Standards These Standards provide the framework for EHS risk management, incorporating many key elements to successful EHS management such as regulatory compliance, risk assessment, communication, self-audit, and senior leadership engagement. Risk topic standards This group of documents sets expectations for management and control of many important EHS programs including workplace safety, occupational hygiene, fire and life safety, and environmental impact reduction. Program standards These standards address the key program areas , such as office safety, contractor safety, EHS risks from suppliers of material and services Raw material specifications: The raw material may seem like basic element in the manufacturing process but it can often provide most difficulty and unforeseen delays during technology transfer. Within the pharmaceutical industry there is a great emphasis on designing quality into a product by monitoring and controlling what is delivered for manufacture of the product meets the requirements for what is needed for manufacture of the product. However the material standards should meet according to their relevant regulatory bodies, but not to be excessive because this leads to the cost and potentially cause delays for technology transfer while waiting for superfluous testing results. Analytical Method Transfers Transfer of analytical methods should accommodate all the analytical testing required to demonstrate compliance of the product to be transferred with the registered specification Analytical methods used to test pharmaceutical products, starting materials, packaging components and cleaning (residue) samples, if applicable, should be implemented at the testing laboratory before testing of samples for process validation studies is performed A protocol defining the steps should be prepared for transfer of analytical methods. The analytical methods transfer protocol should include a description of the objective, scope and responsibilities of the specification of materials and methods; the experimental design and acceptance criteria; documentation (including information to be supplied with the results, and report forms to be used, if any); procedure for the handling of deviations; references; signed approval; and details of reference samples (starting materials, intermediates and finished products) Avoid pit balls during Analytical method transfer: The exchange of the relevant method information and subsequent compilation of the transfer protocol avoid a lot of foreseeable problems during method transfers. Nevertheless potential mistakes should be reviewed. These include 1) The calculation of the results. Calibration standards and correction factors Rounding Integration parameters(eg: minimum area, threshold, noise) Reporting imits, summation or averaging procedures 2) Availability of reagents, samples, and standard material. 3) correct shipment and storage. 4) Equivalent equipment Qualification, procedure and acceptance criteria Materials and carry over properties Temperature ranges Equipments: Equipment’s are a critical part of the transfer process. For technology transfer, technical information of products as well as those of manufacturing equipments are important. To establish equipments conforming to GMP, it is essential to obtain and understand information from RD process so that quality assurance of subject drugs can be secured and the equipments can comply with required conditions for manufacturing. For that purpose, the following technical information should be transferred. The RD department should clarify considerations of GMP compliance specific to subject drugs and manufacturing methods (manufacturing processes), and present them to a facility and equipment department. The facility and equipment department should establish facilities and equipments reflecting the above considerations, clearly details of the establishment and operational considerations of those facilities and equipments, and present them to a drug manufacturing department. The drug manufacturing department should fully understand the above information, implement validations, perform appropriate operations and controls in conformity to the established facilities and equipments, and records results of operations and controls. All systems need to be ready before validation batches can be produced. Systems checklist, agreement on acceptance criteria and commercialization, stability plan, agreement on annual revalidation and approval of the transfer report must be complete to move to the Process Validation. A systems checklist with quality assurance approval provides necessary documentation that was gathered in the transfer. This should include vendor audits, cleaning validation (residual solvents), Melamine requirements addressed, equipment qualification completed with operational ranges. BSE/TSE addressed, specifications and SOPs approved. Once raw materials and packaging components are released, the transfer final report is approved. With batch records approved, risk analysis complete, and stability protocol approved, Trackwise systems are set up. Documented evidence of all required systems is placed in a file. This file is then reviewed by QA prior to signature of the Validation protocol. The decision to commercialize validation batches is made by senior leadership based on a modified risk assessment. Included in the commercialization risk assessment are a review of the product trending report, a review of the process gap assessment and discussions with regulatory. The commercialization strategy also needs to meet the January 2011 FDA guidance for product commercialization. The stability protocol includes stability requirements for each of the countries the product will be marketed. This may require rental of stability chambers or space in stability chambers for years as the diverse stability requirements are reviewed. The stability protocol may also include expectations for product stability results in relation to commercialization. Looking ahead, planning needs to include agreement on annual revalidation and filing activities. Execution of the validation plan needs to follow the agreed plan. Typically a daily update meeting will be held to provide updates from the previous days activities and ensure all systems are a go for the daily activities. The validation team needs to act accordingly when issues occur. All deviations from the plan must be clearly identified and tracked for root cause analysis. System controls are intended to cover normal operations, external events need to be handled with facility policies and be included in the validation final report. Documentation Hundreds of GMPdocuments are required for process transfers. The Code of Federal Regulations provides a listing of expected documentation including: raw material and component documentation logbooks batch records laboratory records distribution records A complete list can be developed utilizing the process maps (see Gate 4) and standard documentation sets.Once the list is made, divide the documents into groups.Remember raw materials documents will probably be required first, but finished product testing protocols often require finished goods test procedures to be validated prior to accepting the product. The project schedule should provide insight into when documents will be required. The quickest way to complete the transfer is to reformat records from the sending site, but this practice often leads to non-conformances and issues because there is a lack of understanding content and history. Each document needs to be built with the foundation process map identified in Gate 4 and utilizing Subject Matter Experts (SME) identified as part ofGate 2.The control of the critical process parameters (CPP) must be understood and the control strategy needs to be included in the documentation to ensure product attributes are achieved. Agreement on terminology and format with quality and regulatory units helps ensure standardized documentation, which allows employees to follow repeatable processes.Each document should have a dry run with personnel who have not been exposed to the process, the related SME and a documentation author (if necessary).Pictures often help, but authors need to be mindful of what is in the background. For example, I once had a formulation tank CIPprocedure written with pictures taken in the tank manufacturers parking lot. Finally a document review team is formed with appropriate representation to ensure content is consistent with expectations.Often document reviewers lack the process understanding to assess technical details but can provide oversight for other requirements.The documentation tracking sheet should monitor status and escalation needs to occur if a maximum of two revision cycles is not achieved.

Essay Comparing the Role Models in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green

Role Models in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Excellence has always been a virtue revered by society. Writers throughout the ages have tried to capture the essence of excellence in their works, often in the form of a title character, who is the embodiment of perfection, encapsulating all the ideal traits necessary for one to be considered an excellent member of society. However, the standards for excellence are not universally agreed upon. On the contrary, one man's idea of excellence may very well be another's idea of mediocrity. Yet, human nature is constant enough that by analyzing different literary "heroes", one can discover the standards of excellence that are common to different peoples. The title characters in both Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight were both considered paragons of excellence by their peoples. Yet, upon close inspection of the specific actions of these characters, stark differences emerge. While Gawain is virtuous and exemplifies selflessness, Beowulf's heroism is marred by his pursuit of fame and wealth, which seems to dominate his every action. The discrepancy can be explained by a contextual analysis of both heroes. Gawain's code of chivalry emphasized perfection and thus he is flawless. Beowulf on the contrary adheres to the code of heroism, which is much less stringent on man's actions, and much more open to interpretation. Gawain's actions reflect the social mores of 14th century England, where a good knight was expected to adhere firmly to the code of chivalry. Gawain is the model knight, gallant and valorous, not to mention a devout Christian. Gawain's superb character traits are bolstered by his status as a member of King Arthur's court. Th... ...ulf saw themselves as means by which the end of achieving glory for their society could be achieved. They didn't leech on to society and drain precious resources as do many of today's corrupt leaders. On the contrary, they gave back to their people and lived up to the ancient notion of the "good citizen" as first advanced by Plato. Present society would be the better for it if more people like Gawain and Beowulf were born. They were truly excellent members of society. Â   Works Cited and Consulted Bede, The Venerable. Ecclesiastical History of the English People. 731 AD. Beowulf. Ed. Burton Raffel. New York: Signet Classic, 1999 Brewer, D.S. Courtesy and the Gawain-Poet. Ed. John Lawlor. London: Arnold, 1966 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Ed. Brian Stone. New York: Penguin, 1974

Standardized Testing Essay examples -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized testing is used practically worldwide for all sorts of various criterion. A standardized test could be used for getting into a top of the line college, or to see if you meet the requirements for a job. Such tests include the well known ACTs and SATs. There are many different ways that standardized tests can be graded. Norm-Referenced, and Criterion-Referenced forms of grading are just a couple of the types of tests. Tests can also be easily misused and are often protested.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often times in order to persue a certain career, before you are employed it is necessary to see how you rate in comparison to the company?s standards. If you were to, for instance, become a pizza maker for Pizza Hut, they may give you a test in order to make sure that you make the pizza according to their standards. In order to be a successful business and keep customers coming back for more, there has to be an order to the way all things are processed. If a customer were to come in one day and get a large pepperoni pizza, and there was a certain number of pepperonis on the pizza, they will expect that to be the same every time. The number of pepperonis on a pizza is a standard number. Standard meaning a degree or level of requirement, excellence, or attainment (www.Dictionary.com). The company may show you how to make all the types of pizza to the standards that they have preset, then have you make the pizzas they have shown you the same way. If the standard is eighty pepperonis on a large pizza, then you will be required to put eighty pepperonis on the pizza. If the standard amount of sauce used on the pizza is one ladle full, then you would use one ladle full of sauce. Standards are set in stone until later possible being re-evaluated and changed. Until such an event happens however, standards will stay the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If on a test, you are asked to add two and two together. The answer you attain is always going to be four, because that is the set standard. Two plus two does not equal five simply because standards say it does not. Standards are used so that everything stays in order. ?Academic standards are clear written expectations of what every child should know and be able to do at specific grade levels. In Wisconsin, the standards were written for English/Language Arts, Math. Social... ...g and test preparation is skyrocketing. Lots of people feel that tests are biased towards those of different races and incomes. There have been many walkouts and even sites completely dedicated to ending testing. One of those sites is www.NoMoreTests.com. On their site you will find examples of walkouts and reasons why to stop standardized testing. You can even print out fliers and get free anti-test bumperstickers. (Examples of walkouts and other information on reasons why to oppose standardized testing, can be found in the NoMoreTests packet.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The battle between whether standardized testing is necessary or not will more than likely continue for many years to come. There continues to be groups both supporting tests and groups trying to bring a stop to testing altogether. With more and more schools basing graduation on standardized test scores, and the never ending controversy on bias in testing, the battle continues. The money spent for preparation and the stress many students receive is undeniably growing and it is not known where this situation will be in the years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Religious Experience is Nothing but Fantasy Essay

The above criticism to religious belief was proposed by Sigmund Freud; who thought that the origin of relig exp (religious experience) is rooted in the unconscious and that they are a product of eschewed psychosexual development. Freud rejected any appeal to the supernatural to explain these occurrences as our mind regularly deludes itself, pointing to dreams as an obvious example. The materialistic approach to explaining relig exp has led scientists to pinpoint specific physical causes of this phenomena; St Paul of Tarsus is thought to have possessed a form of epilepsy. In this case, Paul’s relig exp would be a fantasy but perceived as real experience. A theistic challenge to materialism is that God and organic explanations of religious phenomena. In this way our brains may be wired up to experience God; materialism does not necessarily deem all relig exp fantasy. But how does one explain those who do not experience religious phenomena? Are some people born with Gods calling card? This in my mind is where atheists and theists will never agree; theists will say God only chooses some to be his messengers and atheists will say that our genetics and upbringing predispose some of us to superstition. In this way we cannot know whether each and every religious experience is fantasy; a conclusion reached by Bertrand Russell who reasoned that the fundamental truth that we cannot get inside someone else’s head and verify the experience deems this argument irresolvable. William James set out specific criteria for a religious experience. For example, the experience must be transient i.e it is temporary and therefore cannot be sustained. This conveniently prevents science from examining the psychological causes of the experience; further evidence that this argument is irresolvable. James based in conclusions in part on Pragmatism; the doctrine that truth is the acceptable conclusion for whomever concerned; in this sense, religious experiences are very much ‘true’ to the believer. This would be seconded by Ludwig Wittgenstein who indentified religion as a closed language game; proposing that the experiences are fantasy is not an accepted move and is only know to the outside observer. Ergo, to say religious experiences are fantasy excludes the one accepted explanation upon which religion is based; God did it. The term fantasy is vague; does this indicate a belief that we want to be true and know is false or rather a true deception ourselves. The former seems plausible in the case of Mass Hysteria e.g The Toronto Blessing, where our desire to fit in overtakes our desire to be right; what psychologists call Normative Social Influence. As James pointed out, these psychological explanations do not necessarily reject God. However, they do give us no reason to believe in him via Occam’s razor (believe in the most simple of the explanations) and thus reckon religious experiences as fantasy. This brings to mind Anthony Flew’s ‘Death by 1000 qualifications’; constantly changing the goalposts for the definition of God so that the eventual result is an idea that possesses no verifiable or falsifiable claim. Thus God cannot be counted in or out of existence, or even on the fence. Kant objected to the term religious experience; calling it a contradiction. How can we experience that which is fundamentally beyond our sensory capacity? We experience people and trees and the world around us because it is finite; as are we. We can level the challenge that we experience the universe, which is infinite, but that we experience finite sections of the infinite set. Similarly we can count numbers but not count to the ‘be it and end all’ of real of the numbers. God we can experience in short, transient bursts but cannot experience the sum of him; this is not logically impossible. Kant’s reasoning is not the reason to reject religious experience as fantasy; as with religion there can only be one wholly true explanation of religious phenomena. Only one religion can be wholly true as they make incompatible claims; and so we must dismiss most religious experiences as fantasy. And if we reject most religious experiences, then those remaining must be of the same psychological nature so they too can be dismissed as fantasy. James’s pluralism is merely another get out clause; another ‘death by 1000 qual’ which offers no explanation to how faiths are linked, and is infinitely less simple than materialism. In conclusion, not every criticism levelled against religious experience is sound. However, only one is sufficient; that because we can track the experience of God to psycho/physiological phenomena, there is no reason left to believe in God even though the two are not mutually exclusive. Since the debate cannot be resolved ala Russell, we must assume the answer is not the theistic one.

Malthus And Africa

Africa, being a third world country with much economic oppression, is currently being debated in the General Assembly about whether or not it should have population control. Many experts believe that, if not controlled, the rate of the increasing population of Africa will have disastrous effects. Over two hundred years ago, a man by the name of Thomas Robert Malthus wrote an essay on the effects of population and the food supply titled  «An Essay on the Principle of Population.  » This essay dealt with the growth of population and if not restrained, how it would destroy man’s subsistence here on Earth (Geyer 1). Much of what he wrote applies to not only Africa, but also the entire world today. Currently, the population growth in the Western Nations is approaching zero. This means that each family is having 2. 1 children, enough to replace the current population. For North America to double, it would take one hundred years, for Europe, two hundred. But for Africa to double, it would take only twenty-four years. There are many factors as to why Africa, and many other third world countries, reproduces at such a rate. Lack of contraceptives, traditional values, high infant mortality, and poor education are a few of these actors (Duffey 2).  «It is a lot easier for a country to deal with its problems if it has less people, » says Brian Hailwel, who studies Malthus’s theories (Kolasky 1). Carl Haub who stated,  «It is almost impossible for a developing country to move from the Third World to the First World when their population is rising so rapidly » supports Hailwel’s statement. Malthus believed that the evolution of mankind existed in cycles. Good times occurred when there were high wages and good living conditions, which led to early marriages and rapid population increase. Then come the bad times. Disease, low ages, and epidemics lead to population decrease and a restored balance between population and resources. This cycle then repeats (Stundbia 4). He also felt that the Poor Laws, which attempted to support those whose incomes were too low to support themselves, were in the long run more harmful than helpful. This just leads to lower wages and families that can not support the children they already have bearing more. Many people seem to think that war, famine, and plague will help keep the world’s population restrained. These disasters are one of the two checks on the growth of population that Malthus identifies in  «An Essay on he Principle of Population.  » He called these two checks positive checks and preventative checks. Positive checks are famine, disease, and wars while preventive checks are celibacy, abortion, and late marriages. Africa participates very little in the second check Malthus identifies due to previously stated reasons. When Malthus wrote his essay, he did not take into account the impact technology would have on food production. Due to the  «Green Revolution » which brought about the tractor, refrigeration, chemical fertilizers, and genetic engineering, there was a tremendous increase in food production. Until the mid-eighties, food production kept up with population growth. Since then, it has been steadily declining. Grain production is declining due to soil erosion, waterlogging and salting of irrigated land, air pollution, water shortages, and overuse of land (Berntsen 3). Technological advances compensated for the loss of farmland. Even though less land can be used, more food is being produced. Unfortunately, there are many indications that the world is, at present, producing the maximum amount of food it is capable of. The combined effect of the loss of farmland and the peaking of yield er acre impose limitations. The same problem is in occurrence for the meat production. Nearly all of the world’s rangelands are in use. Seventy-percent of the world’s annual meat is range fed while the other thirty-percent is grain fed. The only room for growth is in the grain fed, and that is estimated to only grow another forty-two percent (Berntsen 2). Fish are also on the decline as a reliable resource for food. The destruction of spawning grounds and the use of mile-long nylon nets has caused the overharvesting of the ocean. A five- percent increase is optimistic (Berntsen 3). The result of the present being the peak in food production while the population is still growing is frightening. If food were to be distributed equally, the food supply would be ten pounds per week. Currently, Americans eat seventeen pounds of food per week. When the world population reaches approximately eleven billion in the year 2050, the food supply will be six to seven pounds per week, which is below the level of food people eat who live in poverty today (Berntsen 1). Malthus believed that three things cause the decline of living conditions: the overpopulation of young; the nability of resources to keep up with the rising human population; and the irresponsibility of the lower class (Simison 2). Malthus suggested a regulation on the size of families of the lower class to fight this. Tunisia, which is located in Northern Africa, has introduced birth control with remarkable results. If overpopulation is not checked, it leads to the crowding of people and the fight for food and water. This, in turn, leads to genocide and other means that are normally considered inappropriate as acceptable (Geyer 2). Equilibrium is what Malthus thought population should achieve. This is where the birth rate equals the death rate. When this is reached, wages will stay the same and any disturbances caused will have compensating changes (Stundbia 5). Malthus, who is credited for this idea, did not think the human population would ever achieve it. He figured that it would be exceeded, a positive check would result, and the cycle would start all over again. Taking Malthus’s theories into account, the only thing that will help Africa economically is for the population to be repressed. In fact, for the next generation or two, the reproduction level should be below the replacement rate. This dramatically decreases the population, therefore increasing the chances it has to grow and develop. If Africa’s population is not repressed, there will not be enough food to feed the people living there. Even First World countries will be unable to help, because they will need all the food they can produce. A gruesome famine will occur, with thousands dead. Africa will experience a major setback and may possibly never recover. I believe that much of Malthus’s theory is correct. Much of the data he used in the seventeen hundreds was incorrect, but his ideas still apply. The cycles he explained have proven to occur. Almost all of the world’s land that can be used is being used to produce the maximum yield. Scientists have predicted the world’s growth to reach eleven billion by the year 2050 if left unchecked. Many have also agreed that the maximum food supply is being produced. If countries such as Africa, whose population tripled from 1950 to today, do not curb their population growth, there will not be enough food to feed them, much less countries that are considerable better off economically. I also think that if Africa were to be educated and there was less oppression, the result would be lower population growth. The idea of allowing families to have only a certain amount of children is morally wrong. Some people seem to think that Malthus’s ideas are extinct and do not apply to the world today. They consider him and what he thought to be dead. But, as Pablo Neruda once said,  «Everything that is buried is not dead » (Geyer 1). He is still alive because his theories can still be applied to today. The consequences of not considering Malthus’s theory as a real threat are too great. For life to exist as we know it, population must be repressed. If not, man’s subsistence will be extinct.